We explored institutional and policy integration gaps between the two sectors by mapping the water and energy policies in Jordan, and holding semi-structured interviews with the key policymakers and stakeholders. In this study, the level of understanding of WEN in Jordan is examined for the first time from the perspective of governance and public policy development. While several studies have investigated WEN from a resource efficiency perspective, little research has focused on governance and policy integration aspects. The Water-Energy Nexus (WEN) is broadly defined as an integrated paradigm for efficiently managing water and energy resources. The case study of Jordan shows that adopting a water-energy nexus approach can assist in ensuring water and energy management occurs more on the basis of technical and economic criteria, however, major water and energy decisions remain political in nature and thus politics will continue to exert significant influence. Security concerns mean that such cooperation is likely to be limited in scale initially but via a nexus approach could build overtime to form a minority of water or energy supplies, occurring in parallel to other water and energy supply augmentation schemes. Transboundary nexus co-operation in the medium term is desirable and even likely, but only to the extent that a break down in cooperation would not threaten the security of either country. Increasing policy connections between Jordan’s water and energy sectors will lead to improved technical decision-making but major resource allocation decisions at the national level remain inherently political, regardless of how government departments and authorities are structured.Īdopting a water-energy nexus approach in Jordan increases the potential for transboundary nexus cooperation with Israel and Palestine to exploit the potential of solar electricity production in Jordan and desalinated water production in Israel. Strong political leadership will be required for a far-reaching adoption of the nexus approach.
However, a water-energy nexus approach is seen as a useful management tool by the water sector more than it is by the energy sector.
Elmasri elyoum manual#
More information on federal spectrum management and the international process is contained in the NTIA Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management.There is growing coordination and cooperation between the water and energy sectors in Jordan. The Department of State submits the approved documents to the Americas regional group, the Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL) of the Organization of American States, or directly to the ITU depending on time constraints. Once reconciled, the positions are transmitted to the Department of State as draft U.S. The FCC and NTIA reconcile any differences in their positions through their designated WRC coordinators. NTIA conveys these positions to the FCC’s International Bureau Chief via official correspondence from the Associate Administrator of OSM. Once approved by the IRAC, NTIA reviews these documents and develops a final position. Once the RCS adopts preliminary views and proposals, they are sent to the IRAC for consideration and approval. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), while not a member, has a designated Liaison Representative who works with the RCS. The RCS, like the IRAC, is composed of representatives appointed by federal departments and agencies.
The RCS develops preliminary views and proposals for WRCs.
OSM performs this role via the Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee’s (IRAC) Radio Conference Subcommittee (RCS). NTIA, through its Office of Spectrum Management (OSM), is responsible for coordinating the Federal Government's participation in WRC-19. WRC-19 will consider spectrum requirements for uses ranging from identifying spectrum for fifth generation “5G” broadband applications to global safety and distress systems. WRCs are organized with an agenda based on proposals made by member administrations at the previous Conference. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRCs) are normally held every three to four years to review and, if necessary, revise the international Radio Regulations (RR), the international treaty governing the use of the radio-frequency spectrum.
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